PSG has now secured the prestigious cup on fourteen different occasions.
Paris Saint-Germain needed a stoppage-time leveler followed by a successful penalty shootout to get past their arch-rivals in the Gulf and capture a fourth straight French Super Cup title.
The European champions appeared to be coasting towards a straightforward win in the match featuring the Ligue 1 winners and the Coupe de France winners after Ousmane Dembele found the scoring in the opening stages.
However, the southern French side fired twice late to seize a surprise advantage. First, the English forward converted from the spot-kick, before the defender unfortunately directed the ball into his own net for an own-goal.
In a remarkable turn of events, the Portuguese striker snatched a crucial equaliser in the final seconds to send the contest into a penalty shootout. The Parisian shot-stopper Chevalier then stood as the hero, saving decisive kicks from Matt O'Riley and Traore.
From the spot, Goncalo Ramos, Vitinha, the full-back, and Desire Doue all converted with composure for PSG to seal a convincing shootout win.
Now 14-time champions PSG, who faced last season's Ligue 1 runners-up Olympique de Marseille after completing a league and cup double, have now lifted this trophy for the twelfth time in the past 13 seasons.